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Piping Inspection
The
Piping Inspection article provides you with information about the
inspection of piping and piping testing in a construction site, as well
as in operational plants.
This article provides you lots of invaluable information about following items:
- Inspection and Testing During the Construction Phase
- Inspection and Testing During the Operation Phase
- Piping System Codes and Regulations
- Maintenance and Repairs
Piping
Inspection article, alongside the other linked articles are useful for
Construction Contractors Quality Control Personnel, Second and Third
Party Inspectors, Purchasers, Sellers, Plant Inspectors, HSE Engineers,
Integrity Engineers, Operation and Maintenance Engineers, and any Other
Interested Individuals.
What is the definition of a pipe?
Based on API Code, the definition of pipe is a pressure-tight cylinder used to convey a fluid or to transmit a fluid pressure.
If you
look to the refinery or chemical plant, you can see the jungle of pipes
which are connecting the vessels together. Statistic shows that 40 % of
total mechanical failures in the units are because of the process piping.
This
article provides you information about site inspection of process
piping as well as important points on in-service inspection in process
plants.
What is the Process Piping Inspection Requirement at a Construction Site?
The
construction code for process piping is ASME B31.3 Code and it covers
the minimum requirements for design, materials, fabrication, inspection,
testing, and commissioning.
With
the above explanation, your inspection and test plan (ITP) for process
piping needs to meet the requirements of ASME B31.3 Code.
ASME
B31.3 refers you to the other ASME code sections for some activities.
For example for welding refer to the ASME Code Section IX, pipe fitting
design and selection to the ASME B16.5 and for Nondestructive testing to
ASME Code Section V.
The process piping design and construction is not under the ASME Code scheme of stamped items. It
means there is not certification for construction contractors by ASME,
and it is the responsibility of owner to select a qualified and
experienced contractor for its process piping construction project. This
is the reason that in the ASME B31.3 code you cannot see the wording of
“Authorized Inspector,” and instead the words “owner inspector” have
been used. The
owner inspector can be the owner's own qualified inspector or the
inspector of a third party inspection company under contract with the
owner. Throughout
the ASME Construction codes, when you see the words “authorized
inspector,” you notice there is an ASME Stamp scheme there. Contrary
to the ASME B31.3, the ASME B31.1 code for power piping (boiler
external piping) have the ASME stamp scheme. The construction contractor
must be certified by the ASME organization and must hold the “PP”
stamp. So
the wording for inspector in the ASME B31.1 is "authorized inspector,"
which means that this person has specific qualifications and a
commission card from NBIC.
For more details, review the Pressure Vessel Certification article. The certification process for the power piping contractor is similar to the pressure vessel.
The detail of inspection requirement in the construction field is addressed in the process piping inspection and test plan.
What is In-Service Inspection Requirement for Process Piping?
The In-Service Inspection code for your process piping is API STD 570.
The title of the code is Piping Inspection Code: In-service Inspection, Rating, Repair, and Alteration of Piping Systems.
The other API recommendation practices and codes are also necessary to be used in conjunction with this Code.
Some of these Recommend Practices are:
- API RP 574 Inspection Practices for Piping System Components,
- API RP 577 Welding Inspection and Metallurgy,
- API RP 571 Damage Mechanism Affecting Fixed Equipment in the Refining Industry,
- API 578 Material Verification Program for New and Existing Alloy Piping Systems
ASME construction and referenced code sections also might be used such as ASME B31.3 and ASME Code Section IX. For repair, the requirement of API STD 570, or ASME PCC-2 need to be met. The title of ASME-PCC-2, which was first published in 2006 is: “Repair of Pressure Equipment and Piping.” The API 570 Piping Inspectors are qualified persons to do the piping system inspection.
What are the Important Items in the Piping Inspection?
These
are only important points or a summary of points for the process piping
in-service inspection and should not be assumed as the entire piping
inspection procedure.
A
piping inspection procedure is a comprehensive document, which need to
cover inspection methods to be employed, equipment and material to be
used, qualification of inspection personnel involved and the sequence of
the inspection activities at the minimum.
You may use the following content as a summary of points for the in-service inspection of the piping system.
- Creating a piping inventory list indicating the line number, pipe specification class, rating, schedule, pipe origin location (from) and pipe destination location (to)
- Creating piping isometric sketches to facilitate inspection and the recording of corrosion monitoring locations (CMLs)
- Dividing whole unit piping into piping circuits based on process condition and potential degradation mechanism
- Selecting appropriate NDE techniques for each piping circuit based on the circuit damage mechanism
- Determination of CMLs points in piping isometric sketches based on the potential for general or localized corrosion and service specific damage mechanisms
- Determination of piping service class based consequence of failure and instruction stated in API 570 or based on the Risk Based Inspection method.
- Carry out external inspection for corrosion, leaks, previous temporary repairs, clamps, coating breakdown, insulation damage, vibration, misalignment, pipe support deterioration specifically in touch points and to air to soil interface, pipe hanger distortion or breakage and frizz damage
- External thickness measurement on CMLs on each piping circuit
- Corrosion rate calculation based on metal loss in a specific time interval
- Retirement thickness calculation based on the minmium required thickness and minimum required structural thickness
- Remaining life calculation based on the available thickness for corrosion and the corrosion rate value
- Determination of piping circuit inspection interval based remaining life calculation and piping service class
- Determination of piping inspection interval for non-thinning damage mechanism
- Making supplementary inspection with the proper NDE method for piping circuits susceptible to creep cracking
- Making supplementary inspection with the proper NDE method for piping circuits susceptible to the creep cracking
- Making supplementary inspection with the proper NDE method for piping circuits susceptible to environmental cracking from Chloride SCC, Polythionic acid SCC, Caustic SCC, Amine SCC, Carbonate SCC, Hydrogen blistering and hydrogen induced cracking (HIC), etc.
- Application of other NDE methods if it is necessary:
- PEC (pulsed eddy current), LRUT (long range UT), LREM (long range electromagnetics), RT for wall thickness loss, and CUI and neutron backscatter and infra-red thermography for detection of wet insulation
- MT (magnetic particle), WFMT (wet fluorescent magnetic particle), PT (penetrant testing), EC (eddy current), UT shear wave, AUT (automated UT), TOFD (time of flight diffraction), RT, ACFM (alternating current field measurement), AET (acoustic emission) for investigating cracking
- Thermography for detection of fouling and hot spots
- Internal inspection in opened flanges for deposition, corrosion, localized corrosion, erosion, etc.
- Internal inspection of clad or lined piping for disbanding, bulging and cracking
- Internal inspection of refractory lined piping for erosion, deterioration of anchors, undercutting of refractory and coke build up behind refractory
- Flange joint inspection for distortion and leakage and flange face inspection, ring groove and gasket for corrosion, erosion , cracking and mechanical damage
- Internal inspection of dismantled valve for corrosion, erosion, mechanical damage and cracking
- Specific attention and internal inspection of critical check valves
- Inspection of injection points for localized corrosion
- Inspection of dead legs for corrosion
- Corrosion under insulation inspection of piping in susceptible temperature (-12˚ to 175˚ C) either by advance NDT or by removal of insulation and making visual inspection
- Making appropriate reporting and report keeping and implement proper system for quick access to the records
